MANAGEMENT IN THE REAL ESTATE SECTOR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

MANAGEMENT IN THE REAL ESTATE SECTOR - Essay Example It means that a drop in number of clients that the real estate company serves would translate into low income. Success in this industry depends on the number of clients a real estate company has been able to serve. Communication opens avenues for transacting new deals in real estate industry (Crane, 2007: 45). Arguably, managers in real estate industry provide satisfactory information about the services their offer to their prospective clients. Many clients believe that level of contact is a factor that assures them about a company’s interest to their needs. The need to address issues affecting clients’ satisfaction can only occur when real estate managers have developed an avenue, which allows the flow of information from clients to management. Managers must be able to identify preferences of their clients. Managers should develop templates, which can assist their clients to identify the products that real estate industry offers to them. Service delivery assures many c lients that management considers their needs. Many clients in the industry would project their demands to the company. The response that the company takes in responding to the needs of the clients indicates the level of satisfaction the clients are likely to get. Quality of service in this industry influences perception of many clients. Managers must ensure that product quality is satisfying the demand of the client. It means that managers must develop strategic approaches, which will enable them to respond to concern of their clients. Developing products, which respond to the demand of clients, is an indication that managers have been able to respond to needs of their clients. 2. Examine the ways in which stakeholder expectations might present challenges for managers in a commercial real estate advisory firm. Stakeholders concern is to realize proceed out of the money they invested in real estate. This expectation posits many challenges to management because of complexities involve d in the real estate business. Factors such as flow of money in the market influence the purchasing power of clients. It means that real estate industry expect to face fluctuation in demand for real estate products. Stakeholders might lose their patience during low money flow in the market because it reduces purchasing power of real estate products, which subsequently translates into the income of the company. Economics of purchases verses rental influence the performance of real estate enterprises (Crane, 2007:87). People weigh values they are likely to gain from purchasing a house or renting a house. Managers in real estate have no direct influence of individual needs. On the contrary, stakeholders might to fail to understand the economics in this market because they expect to see proceeds of the company. Sometimes managers might decide to speculate anticipating a fall in demand for rentals. Stakeholders might not understand the speculation approaches adopted by managers because t hey feel the company should be earning proceeds out of the investments. Investments in real estate do not translate into profit suddenly as many stakeholders may expect. Stakeholders expect to start earning dividends from their investment after some period. The construction period in real estate does not translate into profit because the industry is still spending instead of gaining. Managers should be able to highlight complexities in real estate to their stakeholders. Perception of society as shaped by

Food Industry Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Food Industry Analysis Paper - Essay Example This is not so with the food industry because it is a basic physical need. It may be that some luxury foods are done away with during times of economic crisis, but the food industry as a whole can be rest assured that it will be around for a long time to come. As the population of this country grows, so will the number of mouths that are needed to be fed. This ensures that should increase year-on-year for a long time to come. The purpose of this paper is to look at the strengths of the various categories of the food industry and determine how an increase in sales is reflected by increases in employment numbers, employee wages, and the number of restaurants. Because this is such a large industry and covers tens of millions of people, I will focus specifically on New York City. The reason why I chose this place was because the city is famous for always being on the move. The diversity in the city means that there are many ethnic food restaurants available for customers to eat at. My hy pothesis is that as the sales of the food industry are increasing, so must employment numbers, employee wages, and the number of restaurants. For an industry that seems to be booming, it would make sense to reinvest profits back into the industry itself, thereby ensuring its success over the short and long term. The types of data that will be used in this paper are primary sources, such as the New York State Department of Labor and ReferenceUSA. To clarify what food restaurants will be taken into consideration, the NAICS code that will be looking at is 722211 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2002). This code specifically entails establishments that provide food services where the customer chooses his meal and pays for it before receiving it. To be clear, snack and non-alcoholic beverage bars will not be included in this analysis. The dependent variable in this paper will be the sales numbers for the food industry as a whole. It is very easy to locate these figures because they are complied by t he relevant departments each year for public knowledge. The scatter plot below shows the sales numbers in the food industry over the last few years: As can be seen from the graph, the food industry as a whole is growing year-on-year. Of course, the figure for 2012 is just an estimate since we don’t have those figures available yet. In fact, in the last couple of years, the slope has gotten steeper, which suggests that the pace of the food industry will not slow down anytime soon. On average, the food industry’s sales are increasing by $22.13 billion each year or around 3 to 4%. From this, we can say that the outlook for the food industry is positive unless some unforeseen disaster occurs. The slope for this graph is y = 22.13x + 167.26, based on a base year of 1990. Looking ahead to 2020, we can make a prediction of the sales of the food industry with this equation. The equation would be as follows: y = 22.13 (30) + 167.26 = $831.16 billion each year. Of course, the gr owth rate may change based on external factors that are outside of the food industry’s control. However, this figure gives a pretty good estimate of where the food industry will be by the end of this decade and shows that everything is looking positive. Now that we have shown that the sales for the food industry will continue to grow for some time yet, we need to see what is fueling that helping to fuel that growth. This paper will look at three independent variables: employee numbers, employee wages, and number of restaurants. For employee numbers, New York City can

Quality Management at McDonalds

Quality Management at McDonalds QUALITY MANGEMENT OF McDonald’s –  A CASE STUDY Quality management is the management of activities and functions which are involved in determination of quality policy and its implementation. It ensures that the relevant organization, product or service is consistent. The four main components of quality management are quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement. The aim of quality management is not only to focus on product and service quality, but also pay attention to the different ways to achieve it. The main principals of quality management as defined by International Standard for Quality Management (ISO 9001:2008) and other organizations are following: Customer focus Leadership Process approach Involvement of people Benchmarking Continuous improvement System approach to management Factual approach to decision making Mutually beneficial supplier relationship In this work, a detailed analysis of quality management of McDonald’s is presented. The report include the history, strategy, quality control and the supplies , logistics and inventory management of the stated company. McDonald’s HISTORY McDonald’s Corporation was established in 1940s (McDonald’s, 2014). It was the only fast food industry in the whole world who has started a chain system in global market. The main menu of McDonald’s includes some of the global world renowned foods like Big Quarter Pounder, French Fries and Chicken Nuggets. In breakfast they serve Sausage McMuffin with egg. Today it is one of the famous and leading food service retailer. IT has more than 35,000 local food chains (restaurants) in more than 100 different countries (McDonald’s, 2014). The total employees of McDonald’s are approximately 1.9 million and it serves more than 70 million customers every day around the world (McDonald’s, 2014) (Steve, Dudley, Hazen, 2012). A pictorial description of quick facts of McDonald’s is shown in Fig. 1. The corporation has distributed sale approach and more than 80% of its restaurants are ran by independent and local distributors. The restaurant was start ed by only two brothers Dick and McDonald’s in 1940, they were beginners but now McDonald’sCorporations is one the main stakeholder of fast food industry of today world. The beauty of this chain is that they did not only sale their main products but they also change the product type and its ingredients according to the local country or region requirement. Also every year they introduce new products and schemes to attract their customers. Their recent menu includes a wide range of Burgers Sandwiches, Chicken Fish, various Breakfast options, Salads, Snacks Sides, Beverages, and Desserts Shakes (McDonald’s, 2014). For competing and to be a main stakeholder of today competitive international market, McDonald’s is using an operational management system (William, 2008). Figure 1 Quick overview of McDonald’sCorporation COMPANY STRATEGY The brand mission of McDonald’sis â€Å"To be our customer’s favorite place and way to eat and drink† (McDonald’s, 2014). The global world operations of McDonald’sare aligned around the worldwide strategy called â€Å"The Plan to Win†. This strategy is centered on the best exceptional experience for the customers. The organization follows the motive of â€Å"People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion† (McDonald’s, 2014). McDonald’s wants to become the world’s best quick service fast food chain which provides high quality food to its each and every customer every time, in a clean environment with extraordinary service and great values. The adopted strategies by McDonald’s are differentiation and cost leadership strategies (Operations Management in McDonald’s, 2014). McDonald’s is committed to its people. It provides equal opportunity to each employee. They develop leaders and reward them according to their achievements. This firm believes that a team of well-trained individuals with different background and experiences, working together in a competitive environment with high level of commitment is their key to success. QUALITY CONTROL McDonald’s has a set of management teams for the inspection of food item quality and their control for the successful business. Quality service and quality control are properly checked by the management team. The quality management team deals with the quality service and quality control as given below. Quality service The food- The quality of meat, bun, vegetables etc should be good and up to the standard. The Employees- The quality management team has a look at the timing, neat dress and cleanliness of an employee. The team work is always preferred in the McDonald’s to get maximum benefits. The Restaurant- The management team looks that the restaurant should be clean, tidy and sparking. While they also tried to provide the fast, accurate and friendly service. Quality control The quality management team makes it sure to fulfill the basic criteria set for the operation of McDonald’s. They also listen and get feedback from the customer to make their business improve. They also have a relationship with the scientific community to provide best and safe food among the people. They tried to have solutions for special health issues among children, and prepare a hygienic food for them. There is no compromise on quality and quality control, the one of the reason for the successful development of McDonald’s all around the world. The inspection is done on all McDonald’s franchise and it is also a part of their strategy. HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point)is the applied system of McDonald’s to keep nice and good food items to the customers. The quality management team also looks at the diet contents and nutrition of each food items and is given in Table 1. The health related issues are handled by the quality management team and nutrition is properly controlled. Table 1 Nutrition of McDonald’s food. SWOT ANALYSIS The pictorial description of SWOT is shown in Figure 2. On the basis of environmental analysis of McDonald’s, the structural analysis of fast food industry, and the assessment of internal resources of the company, following strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are there for McDonald’s: Figure 3 SWOT description    (S)trengths McDonald’s holds a very strong brand name worldwide. They have large partnerships with other companies that provide them with their desired products; this increases the goodwill of the company. McDonald’s is one of the most reputed firms who are socially responsible. Self-service criteria save a lot of cost. Loyal employees management customer are their biggest strength. McDonald’s makes sure that cultural regional barriers are kept in mind while providing food to different countries. Clean environment and play areas for children where they can enjoy their time. (W)eaknesses The weakness that hits the list of employee turnover rate. Every year many of their employees are fired out of the restaurant. McDonald’s mostly advertises products and food items that targets children. Health conscious people often complain that they do not provide us with the organic and healthy food. This becomes their weakness when they get in the complaints. They also face quality issue at times. This affects the business as they are running the outlet worldwide, if one franchise gets affected others also get a bad name. (O)pportunities It can open up online services for their customers so that they can easily order their desired meals sitting at home. Discounts given on every food item may help them gain more customers. They can go for a joint venture with the retailers they work with. They can introduce healthy hamburgers and healthy drinks for the people who are health conscious. In order to be environment friendly, they can use packing material which can be recycled later or material that does not create pollution. (T)hreats Emerging competition of similar outlets is becoming a problem for McDonald’s. Health issue also becomes a problem when it comes to food. As it is a multinational food outlet, fluctuations in the currency of other countries becomes a problem for such companies. Recession in any country would definitely affect the whole outlet worldwide. People facing heart problems and obesity accuse McDonald’s for not providing them with the healthy food. They have a threat of local food outlets in different countries. McDonald’s is operating in a fully-fledged economy where competition is increasing day by day therefore they should work effectively to overcome their drawbacks because of the recession. Recommendations Reduction of employee training spending (lowering employee turnover). In order to reduce of employee training spending and to lower turnover, I would like to suggest: To give the job just for highly motivated people. It means, that they are going to be loyal and not to leave job so fast; New employees would be trained by employees, who are working longer. In this way, company reduces training spending, new employees are trained by the people, who are working inside the company and do the same things every day. To motivate employees and always take care about their expectations. It can be money premiums for good working in the end of the month (or year), some employees parties, ’’Employee of the week (month)’’ competition. To make a line of organic food in their menu and take a look what is more popular and healthy for their customers. If it is going more popular than usual menu food, it is more worth to make all food in organic way, even it is more expensive. First of all, people like what is natural, and then they are interested in the price. To make big advertisement companies declaring organic food pluses and make it more popular in such way. Many people loves McDonald’s food, so it has an authority and can show good example of necessity of organic food in people life and compare how organic and usual McDonald’s food effect customers’ health and all the nature about them. Advantages of human health problems (improvement of products) McDonald’s is big food supplying company, and all of us know, how food affects our health. It is one of the main factors, what built our body and strength our brains. Knowing that, McDonald’s should: Suggest just high quality, improved products, which is full of vitamins and minerals. So, it means that the company must improve their products, all the food must be certificated and fit for all healthy food standards. Be in a contact with suppliers, who supply products for McDonald’s food and always check if the products is natural, high standard and healthy for all of age customers. Contact with doctors, scientist and improve their products to fit for all of age customers, even they have some problems with their stomach. It means to make measures and find what the best is for all possible customers. More Healthy Choices McDonald’s should develop menu choices that are healthy and socially acceptable. It is possible to develop a menu that people will enjoy and that also fits into the original â€Å"Speedy Service† model the company introduced in the 1950’s. Use local food sources where possible. Using local sources decreases the time to market, and also decreases the use of fuel to transport goods. Increase presence in Asian countries McDonald’s has most certainly had a profound effect on China. When the first McDonald’s opened in Beijing more than a dozen years ago, 40,000 people lined up to observe a Big Mac and get their picture taken with the infamous Ronald McDonald. McDonald’s is growing faster in China than in the United States. McDonald’s owns operates more than 600 stores across 105 cities in China. More than 100 more McDonald’s stores will be added annually to Chinese cities within the coming years. CONCLUSIONS McDonald’s is operating in Pakistan as very profitable organization. In this project we struggled to study the management behaviour of McDonald’s starting from its history to its vision and mission statements in which explained the historical of McDonald’s of how it entered Pakistan’s market and the expansion of its business in various cities. Moreover we also explained about its and services which are offered in Pakistan by McDonald’s as their revenue generating products and services. I addition to that we researched all their product line. We also explained the organizational structure of McDonald’s. In that we explained the hierarchal structure of McDonald’s. As a gigantic organization of the world need to build their strong organizational structure so does McDonald’s. Its works on the basis of vertical and horizontal coordination. All the executives from up to the lower management on making it a successful organization.

Cannibalism as a Sexual Disorder :: Anthropology Essays Paleontology Papers

Cannibalism as a Sexual Disorder Cannibalism occurs prevalently in both Tarzan and Heart of Darkness, and is a controversial topic with which the public is largely unfamiliar. Although cannibalism is generally thought of in a primitive animal sense, experts have revealed that cannibalism can be identified as a sexual disorder (O’Connor). A cannibal is scientifically classified as an anthropophagus (â€Å"Anthropophagus†), which falls under the category of Anthropophagy. Anthropophagy by definition is the sexual gratification by consumption of human flesh or blood. Although rather disturbing, sexual cannibalism is now accepted as the more common variety of cannibalism (O’Connor). Because sexual cannibalism is considered to be a social taboo both today, and during the times of Tarzan and Marlow, the creation of entertainment based on it has been limited, though the urges to expand on this topic may have been far more prevalent. There have been many films and novels created which depict the anthropophagy related to animals, most specifically, spiders. For example, films such as â€Å"Invasion of the Body Snatchers† and â€Å"Little Shop of Horrors† develop the similarities among human and insect anthropophagy (O’Connor). Due to the use of Anthropophagy for leisure purposes, it is evident that cannibalism is a topic of much interest among humans, aside from its label as a social taboo. Technically, a human’s eating of another human has a chemical effect on the blood. Too much human meat causes a build up of vitamin A and amino acids such as homocysteine in the bloodstream, which could cause congenital defects in future offspring. However, if human organs which are rich in B vitamins and folic acid are eaten along with the human meat, homocysteine is not able to metabolize in the bloodstream. This means that cannibalism could hypothetically be the basis of a healthy diet (â€Å"Natural Food†). Contrary to human meat and organs actually being healthy to a human diet, cannibalism is also said to cause madness and addiction based on sexual urges and gratification. Kate Rix depicts that sexual cannibalism in its truest sense may in fact lead to the development of necrophilia tendencies. Disturbing behavior, such as that of cannibalism as well as necrophilism, is a result of chemical imbalances in the brain.

Western And Traditional Healing Africa Health And Social Care Essay

Traditional therapists have a important function to play constructing the wellness system in Africa. This paper aims to compare the usage of western medical specialty and traditional medical specialty. The paper aims to place similarities and differences between western and African constructs of diseases, remedy and effectual patient attention. It argues for the ordinance of traditional therapists and traditional medical specialty, every bit good as for the application of human rights rules within the traditional healing profession. The usage of western and traditional medical specialty depends on many factors such as the handiness of financess to entree the drugs. It besides depends on an person ‘s beliefs and civilization. Most African people rely fundamentally on traditional medical specialty on about all their unwellnesss chiefly because they trust its utilizations and they are so doubting to utilize western medical specialty chiefly because they do non swear it. This paper concludes with schemes by WHO to harmonize the two groups of practicians but it will take a piece before the groups agree on working together. In this paper a comparing of Western medical specialties and African traditional medical specialties shall be made. The intent of this paper is to place similarities and differences between Western and African constructs of diseases, remedy and effectual patient attention. Harmonizing to Germov ( 2007, p. 8 ) Western Medicine is â€Å" the conventional attack to medicate in western societies, based on the diagnosing and account of unwellness as a mulfunction of the organic structure ‘s biological mechanisms. † It encompasses a scope of wellness attention patterns evolved to keep and reconstruct wellness by the bar and intervention of unwellness Hewson ( 1998 ) . WHO defines Traditional medical specialty as â€Å" the sum sum of cognition, accomplishments and patterns based on theories, beliefs and experiences autochthonal to different civilizations that are used to keep wellness, every bit good as to forestall, name, better or handle physical and mental unwellnesss † . Traditional medical specialty that has been adopted by other populations outside its ain civilization is frequently termed alternate or complementary medical specialty ( WHO, 2008 ) . Helwig ( 2005 ) claimed that primary therapists in traditional African medical specialty are accoucheuses, herb doctor and diviners. Diviners focus on the root causes of illness by the hereditary liquors ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Midwifes use herbs and local workss to help with gestation and childbearing ( Helwig, 20005 ) . Herbalists use carnal, workss and mineral based medical specialties to bring around diseases ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Herb market and herb trading is a really common pattern in many African states ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Okpako ( 2006 ) traditional African communities have three chief groups of workss they use to bring around serious unwellnesss, toxicant workss and workss for minor unwellnesss. Plants used for minor unwellnesss treat unwellnesss such as concerns ; contusions and hurting febrility are used without audience of religious therapists ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Plants used for serious unwellnesss are used when covering with life endangering unwellnesss and need the intercession of religious therapists, what the patient gets is holistic intervention ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Okpako ( 2006 ) stated that as for the toxicant workss, many African communities recognise it merely from experience with it or from inadvertent toxic condition. Okpako ( 2006 ) claimed that in most African states, many people western medical specialties are out of their range as they do non hold money to purchase the drugs and so they resort to traditional medical specialty is it inexpensive. Traditional African medical specialty is based on accrued experience of antediluvian Africans ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Traditional African medical specialty ‘s manner of transmittal is spread by word of oral cavity and has hindered exigency of a by and large accepted theory and hence of the systematic development of traditional African medical specialty as a self-acting profession ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Traditional African medical specialty practicians are therapists who believe that their methods can bring around many conditions including malignant neoplastic disease, AIDS, mental jobs, sterility, some sexually transmitted diseases, lesions and Burnss every bit good as many other complaints and conditions ( Helwig, 2005 ) Good wellness is linked to a right relationship between people and their supernatural environment ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Helwig ( 2005 ) among the traditional therapists, being able to name an unwellness is considered a gift from both God and the ascendants. Helwig claimed that â€Å" a major accent is placed on finding the root cause underlying any illness or bad fortune † . Illness is said to stem from deficiency of balance between the patient and his or her environment, ( Helwig, 2005 ) Diviners may utilize workss non merely for mending intents but besides to command conditions and events, ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Helwig ( 2005 ) stated that â€Å" in add-on to workss, traditional African therapists may use appeals, conjurations and casting of enchantments † . They are besides skilled in psychotherapeutics and guidance ( Helwig, 2005 ) . African mending systems recognise the influence of the head on the human well being ( Helwig, 2005 ) . They recognise the negative emotions such as fright, guilt and hatred can take to illness ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Rituals are undertaken to pacify the enraged hereditary liquors, patients need to do confessions in order for the liquors to forgive them and be good ( Helwig, 2005 ) . The rites attach toing the usage of herbal medical specialty is referred to as â€Å" conjuration † . Incantation is a aggregation of carefully chosen words used to convey mending consequence or deciding emotional struggle in the head of the patient ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Liquors of the ascendants protect their life posterities, nevertheless ascendants demand from their descendent ‘s rigorous attachment to the moral Torahs laid down ( Helwig, 2005 ) . An immoral act for illustration incest is believed to rag the liquors ensuing in serious unwellness or bad luck ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to WHO, 80 % of the African population depends on traditional medical specialty for primary wellness attention. In Ghana, Mali, Nigeria and Zambia, 60 % of kids with high febrility ensuing from malaria usage herbal medical specialty at place. Lovell ( 2009 ) claimed that persons enduring from hurting, anxiousness, depression, concerns and weariness usage alternate medical specialty. WHO estimates that several African states pattern traditional birth with the aid of traditional accoucheuses who uses autochthonal workss to help childbearing. WHO ( 2008 ) claimed that 70 % to 80 % of the population in western states has used some signifier of alternate or complementary medical specialty for illustration stylostixis. As noted by Germov ( 2007 ) there are varied grounds why alternate medical specialty is so popular at the disbursal of western medical specialty. When people get ill they need to cognize the causes of the unwellness, enduring or even decease ( Germov, 2007 ) . In Western medical specialty, the traditional position that unwellness was caused by religious immorality is no longer valid. Alternate medical specialty that have an account to causes of unwellnesss and enduring have a greater entreaty ( Germov, 2007 ) . The desire to accomplish a more holistic signifier of attention may be a motivative factor as to why patients choose traditional medical specialty ( Lovell, 2009 ) . In most African states, drugs are out of range to many people as they do non hold the money to purchase them. The lone solution available is to fall back to traditional medical specialty as it is inexpensive and dependable ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Most African people are so disbelieving to seek western medical specialty. The chief ground is that they are afraid to seek something new and prefer to go on utilizing their old manner of seeking medical aid that is the usage of traditional medical specialty ( Okpako, 2006 ) . As stated by Germov ( 2007 ) people have lost trust in western medical specialty. Many toxins found in the drugs have drove people off from the usage of it. Peoples have besides lost trust in scientific experts, they blame them on about all the environmental jobs such as planetary heating, oil spills and even acerb rain ( Germov, 2007 ) . Germov ( 2007 ) claimed that there is a good relationship between ‘personal ‘ therapist and patient. Personal therapists take their clip to listen and supply seamster made intervention to the single client. By so making they create a strong bond which can take up to swear and trueness. Wilcox & A ; Bodeker ( 2004 ) reported that in most African states the rise in drug oppositions and jobs in accessing effectual anti -malarial drugs in both distant and underprivileged countries has forced people to fall back to traditional medical specialty as their beginning of intervention. As noted by Marlise ( 2004 ) clash is apparent between western medical specialties that look at stuff causing to understand and handle an unwellness and traditional medical specialty that by and large looks towards the religious beginning such as witchery and displeasure by ascendants in order to bring around an complaint. Harmonizing to Marlise ( 2004 ) there has been media studies of traditional therapists claiming to hold a remedy for AIDS and subject their patients to unsafe or uneffective interventions. Marlise ( 2004 ) stated that amongst some people in Africa, it is believed that if a ill individual does non acquire intervention and dies, his or her spirit will do more diseases. Harmonizing to Marlise ( 2004 ) a figure of traditional therapists have seen a moneymaking chance of bring arounding people populating with HIV/AIDS in the absence of biomedicine and a figure of developing states do non hold entree to anti-retroviral medicine or equal wellness attention to those populating with HIV/AIDS. The WHO describes the jobs related to clinical informations on traditional medical specialty as steming from the hapless quality of informations and besides the methodological analysis used as being below the stipulated criterion. WHO ( 2008 ) claimed that traditional therapists need to advance both their published and unpublished informations inorder for them to derive support from the whole universe. Lovell ( 2009 ) stated that the spread between western medical specialty and traditional medical specialty practicians is increasing. As stated by Lovell, â€Å" traditional therapists do non believe that their patterns are guaranteed worldwide and their statement is that the efficaciousness of their merchandise has stood the trial of clip † . All in all the usage of western and African traditional medical specialty depends on an person ‘s beliefs and civilization. It besides depends on the handiness of financess to seek intervention. In Africa most people can non afford to beginning western medical specialty chiefly because it is really expensive and so they resort to their traditional medicine chiefly because it is cheaper. Precautions need to be taken carefully as there are a batch of side effects associated with the continued usage of traditional medical specialty. Some of the side effects might take to paroxysms or even decease.

The Single Persona of Ophelia and Gertrude

Zoe Alternate Ms. Herring AP English 5 November 2013 The Single Persona of Aphelia and Gertrude According to Shakespeare, Elisions did not require more than two women, let alone two unique women. On a larger scale, the society in which Shakespeare wrote agreed that most women were indistinguishable: women in general did not hold positions of prominence and did not demand recognition. In all of Shakespearean plays, a meager 126 female characters develop; of these, Aphelia and Gertrude play minor roles in Shakespearean Hamlet, having a mere 169 lines and 128 lines respectively.Being the only two females in the play, and with Shakespearean lack of knowledge that women could have varying personalities, Aphelia and Gertrude manage to possess many similar characteristics. In fact, they are so similar that one could argue, if convinced an Oedipus-complex exists, there is no need for two separate characters. Through their relationships and circumstances, interactions and dialogue, Shakespear e portrays Aphelia and Gertrude as parallel characters. Women during the Renaissance, and even women during any time period prior to the sass, were submissive and loyal.Aphelia and Gertrude are no exceptions to this stereotype; they passively listen and, without question, obey their superiors. As Alerter accuses Hamlet of false love, Aphelia agrees saying, â€Å"l shall the effect of this good lesson keep† (1. 3. 44). Soon afterward, Polonium demands that Aphelia avoid Hamlet, and Aphelia is obedient: â€Å"l shall obey, my lord† (1. 3. 136). Even in Alerter' questioning of Hamlet's feelings, Aphelia admits that, as a woman, she should not have her own thoughts: â€Å"l do not know, my lord, what I should think† (1. . 104). She repeats this degrading fact saying, â€Å"l think nothing, my lord† (3. . 107) when Hamlet asks what she thought he meant in mentioning a virgin's legs. In 2. 2 lines 110-113, as Polonium attempts to raise his popularity among the court, he reads a personal letter from Hamlet to Aphelia, while Aphelia, surely embarrassed, sits back with no argument. The same acquiescence lies within Queen Gertrude. In 2. 2 lines 19-26, Gertrude repeats, only more succinctly, what Claudia has already said, proving her lack of original thought.When Claudia orders her to leave the court, Gertrude says, â€Å"l shall obey you† (3. 1. 38), maintaining her proper wifely status. To please her new Cubans, Gertrude endeavors to placate Hamlet's mournful mind and persuade him to â€Å"let [his] eye look like a friend on Denmark† (1. 2. 69), so that the Danish citizens may think all is well with the new political structure. Just as Aphelia holds a willingness to bow to Alerter and Polonium, Gertrude yields to Claudia every time except once right before her demise, which will be subsequently analyzed further.They are both â€Å"made malleable by [their] sense of duty and by [their] nature as well† (Magnums 1). Regard less of their wrongful obedience to their respective superiors, both Aphelia ND Gertrude truly love Hamlet. The only two women in the play have a very intimate relationship with the protagonist, one being his mother and the other his love interest. The love is made certain when Hamlet, truthfully or not, retracts his previous affection toward Aphelia; yet, she still replies, â€Å"Indeed, my lord, you made me believe so† and â€Å"l was the more deceived† (3. . 118-122), revealing her broken heart. Gertrude love, whether her relationship with Hamlet includes an Oedipus-complex or not, proves sincere as she calls to Hamlet Just before her untimely death: â€Å"O my dear Hamlet! (5. 2. 312). Neither female character can stand to have the connection between their familial and friendly bonds amputated. Aphelia can see that Hamlet's madness has generated a break between her father's wishes and Hamlet's, and, distressed by the apparent severed bonds, pleads for help,  "Heavenly powers, restore him! † (3. 1 . 142).Gertrude, in the midst of a barrage of verbal accusations, strives to conserve the filial bond; she refers to Hamlet as â€Å"sweet Hamlet† (3. 4. 98) and, in an effort to stop his attack, says, â€Å"O Hamlet, thou hast cleft my heart in twain† (3. 4. 158). She needs his approval and therefore asks, â€Å"What shall I do? † (3. 4. 184). According to David Abnegation's interpretation, the priority of Aphelia and Gertrude is familial harmony, motivating their actions throughout the play. Nonetheless, due to their blind and steadfast allegiance, Aphelia and Gertrude cannot help but act treacherously against Hamlet despite their deep love for him.Consequently, when Polonium devises a scheme to unearth the backstops of Hamlet's madness, he commands Aphelia, â€Å"Walk you here†¦ ‘ Read on this book/ That show of such an exercise may color/ Your loneliness† (3. 1. 3-47). She immediately follows alo ng so that Hamlet may suppose her alone when he happens upon her. Of course, Hamlet the keen prince he is, senses her betrayal. When Hamlet asks the whereabouts of Polonium, Aphelia answers with a lie, â€Å"At home, my lord† (3. 1 . 132). Gertrude also refuses to take sides in the war between Claudia and Hamlet. She agrees to Polonium' ploy to spy on Hamlet by saying, â€Å"I'll warrant you.Fear me not† (3. 4. 7), allowing Polonium to take cover behind her curtains. Again, Hamlet discovers the betrayal, killing Polonium in the process. Shortly after, notwithstanding Hamlet's recent attack and her ostensible promise, Gertrude defends Claudia' throne cursing the â€Å"false Danish dogs† (4. 5. 108) when the Messenger reports that the crowd wants Alerter as king. Furthermore, Claudia deduces that Gertrude will concur with Hamlet's need to be shipped to England and includes her in his plot to rid Denmark of Hamlet: â€Å"Come, Gertrude, we'll call up our friends/ And let them know†¦ Hat we mean to do† (4. 1. 38-39). She does not contend. But Gertrude even now holds onto the love for her son and begs the crowd in the cemetery to be patient, â€Å"For love of God, forbear him† (5. . 259). After Hamlet and Alerter brawl in Aphelion's grave, the fickle Gertrude endeavors to convince the multitude that Hamlet's fit, even though Hamlet clearly mourns Aphelion's death, is in reality â€Å"mere madness† (5. 1. 271-275). Aphelia and Gertrude fluctuate between their alliance to Hamlet and to the court, and, in the throes, move with duplicity against Hamlet.These innumerable and sundry breaches of faith trigger Hamlet's abandonment of the goodness in humanity, especially womankind. The ones who should love him the most are the ones contributing to Hamlet's degrading mental state. Yet, being tender of heart and still submissive, both women â€Å"are forced into uncharacteristic vices,† unaware of their evil guides(Penning ton). Hamlet's hatred goes so far as to dub frailty a woman in 1. 2. Aphelia and Gertrude are made into products of a â€Å"stereotypic wanton sexuality' (Wellness 1).Hamlet displays his disgust toward the sexuality of women in saying, â€Å"The power of beauty will†¦ Transform/honesty from what it is to a bawd† (3. 1. 113-114). Hamlet denounces women as two-faced and promiscuous saying, â€Å"God has given you one face and you make yourselves another†¦ And make our wantonness your ignorance† (3. 1 . 143-146). His anger builds until he commences separate assaults on the two female characters. During his meeting with Aphelia, he spits several insults on her. Hamlet bids Aphelia, â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery' (3. 1 . 123).He additionally advises that if Aphelia must marry, she should â€Å"marry a fool, for wise men know well enough what monsters [she] makes of them† (3. 1 . 139-140). Later, in the course of his climactic talk with his mother, Hamlet ac cuses Gertrude of â€Å"such a deed/As from the body of contraction plucks/The very soul, and sweet religion makes/ A rhapsody of words† (3. 4. 46-49). Both women are much too delicate to take on Hamlet's harsh words, and they crumble in the presence of his disgust. A final correlation between Hamlet's female characters is their closing exits.As the plays only females decay, it is evident that a factor to their degeneration is their lack of independence. Neither woman ever speaks without being prior spoken to with the exception of 4. 5. Aphelion's reason finally collapses, and her songs spill out as if they were the liquid madness sloshing in her head. After Alerter Journeys to France and Aphelia agrees to avoid Hamlet in 1. , Aphelia remains without any confidant. She is â€Å"an isolated figure in a patriarchal world† (Magnums 1), even more so in the wake of her father's slaughter. Gertrude can relate.Claudia, her only confidant, has been forbidden by Hamlet, and her own son abhors her. These women retain little strength to act of their own will. Even their own deaths occur accidentally, the fault of fated chain reactions. Aphelia, in an effort to commit suicide, falls into a body of water and drowns. Her only attempt to do something for herself is pulverize, Shakespearean way of keeping femininity helpless. As Gertrude recounts Aphelion's passing, she mentions that in falling from the branch, Aphelia continues â€Å"snatches of old lauds/As one incapable of her own distress† (4. . 176-177). Perhaps Aphelia knows how to swim, but indeed does decide for herself to let the water take her. Comparably, Gertrude is killed by a poison meant for the protagonist. Perchance she knows what Claudia has planned; some of Gertrude last words are defiant against Claudia, potentially proving her want of death to come as soon as possible and her own decision to make that happen. Claudia weakly calls on Gertrude to replace Hamlet's poisoned drink; however , Gertrude replies, â€Å"l will, my lord, I pray you, pardon me† (5. 2. 287).Their deaths can be argued as accidental or premeditated; nevertheless, Gertrude and Aphelia maintain irrefutably passive qualities throughout the play, which are conducive to their individual endings. The Queen of Denmark and a fool's daughter, although endowed with separate names and kinsmen, possess stark and tangible similarities. Both temperaments are comprised of a complaint nature, unintentional treachery, a tender heart, and dependency. Aphelia and Gertrude can effortlessly be labeled parallel characters on count of Shakespearean alacrity to conform to societal views of women.

The portrayal of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Essay Example

The portrayal of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Essay Example The portrayal of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Paper The portrayal of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Paper Essay Topic: Merchant Of Venice Play This play is set in the city of Venice about the year 1596. Venice was the main trade center in all of Europe. They traded all sorts of cargo, like human cargo (slaves.), silks and spices. The law of Venice was extremely strict and if anyone disobeys the law they would be in deep trouble. Venice is full of mixed people, wealthy people, poor people, kind people, loyal people and unloyal people. Venices main religion is Christianity. The main Christian in this story is Antonio. Antonio is a merchant who loans people money without charging interest. Venice has also got Jews (or the Hebrews). The Jews came from a place called Israel. The powerful Romans ruled Israel. At first the Jews were allowed their religion but then the Romans tried to crush it. The main Jew in this story is a man called Shylock. Shylock also loans money but has to charge interest. Shylock A villain who deservers his fate? Shylock has a deep obsession with money. Shylock cares more about money than anything else in the world even more than his daughter. When his daughter ran away with a Christian it made him intensively mad. But what was more shocking to him was that she took lots of his money and his wifes precious turquoise. The turquoise is a valuable ring that he cared about a lot. When Shylock found out that his daughter had ran away he had very mixed feelings. This was because at the same time he found out another one of his archenemys (Antonio.) ships had gone down. But then he said, I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the jewel in her ear. These two lines tells us and the audience how low he would sink for money. Shylock also hates the rich and the tremendously famous Antonio. The main reason he hates him is because Antonio will not charge interest on his loans, He lend out money gratis. He hates Antonio for doing this because it brings down rate of unsance here with us in Venice. This means that Shylock has to charge very little interest so he can stay in business, this hurts Shylocks pocket. Shylock tells the audience his true feelings about Antonio. He says I hate for he is a Christian. When this speech is being said Shakespeares audience would have flipped in anger. The audience might have thrown stuff and definitely booed . But if this play was show now-a-days the audience would still be angry but not as much as Shakespeares time. At times Shylock can be really mean and harsh. Like when he was asked to come and eat with the Christians he didnt take it at all nicely, he said I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walk with you and so following; But I will not eat with you, drink with you nor pray with you . I think this speech Shylock just said was totally unnecessary but after the way he has been treated its completely understandable. When he was about to leave to go to dinner he told Jessica not to look at what was happing at the dinner and lock up my door . He even said not to look at any Christians, nor thrust your head into public street, To gaze on a Christian fools with varnished faces . All these thing he says to Jessica is more bitterness towards to Christians. There Shylock is also not nice to his Christian servant Lancelot. He treats him like he has no self respect and only rarely dose he call him buy his real name he normally calls him fool . And Shylock said to Lancelot that he wasnt allowed to speak unless he said so, Who bids thee call? I did not bid thee call. I think and so would the audience that no matter how much you hate someone they at least should have the right to speak whenever they like. I dont actually think that Jessica really loves her father Shylock, because if she did she wouldnt have ran away from her father. And the thing is that she didnt just ran away with anyone she ran away with the kind of people that Shylock hates most, a Christian. She didnt even tell her father the truth and stuck up for the servant instead. When Shylock asked what Lancelot said to Jessica, Jessica replied, His words were farewell, mistress, nothing else . But what Lancelot had really said was, Mistress, look out at window for all this: There will come a Christian by will be wroth a Jewà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s eye . This is one of many speeches that the audience knows what is really happening and the actors dont. Shylock can also be a tremendously cunning and sly man. For example when the merchant Antonio came to ask Shylock for the 3,000 ducats Shylock at first wasnt sure. But then his brain clicked in and he found a cunning idea that will enable him to get his revenge that he has been waiting so long. He had tricked Antonio into signing the most dreadful bond in the entire world. If shylock didnt have his money back he would take 1lb Of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken . At a point like this the audience would be shocked at how a man like this came be so evil. He tricked Antonio into the bond be saying that he was being kind and that he was showing kindness . Shylock made Antonio think that paying a 1lb of his flesh is better than paying extra interest. He also made him think that there was no way that he couldnt afford to pay him back so there was no way that he would have to give a 1lb of his flesh. This is another one of Shakespeares amazing parts were the audience knows the truth about Shylocks true feelings and Antonio and Bassanio have no idea whats going on. This brings a sense of excitement to the audience, which would stop them from falling asleep, and would stop them from walking out of the place were the play is being shown. Shylock at times is a very cruel and vindictive man. Like when he hears the awful news that all of Antonios ships have gone down and that he would be able to have his 1lb of flesh, he was delighted. But then at the same time he had got some bad news. He found out that his daughter had ran away with a Christian and she had taken most of his money. But as soon as he heard the bad news he forgot about and started talking about how his bond came true. But soon it all got to his head and he became obsessive with how he is going to kill the Christian he hates most Antonio. When he gets to the court he comes prepared for everything. And he amazed the whole courtroom by bringing his own pair on scales and his own knife. This proved to everyone in the audience what a disgusting and evil man he really was. And to top of his evil ways, while the court case was in action Shylock was sitting on the floor sharpening his knife on his leather shoe. All pleads of mercy towards Shylock were turned down. Even after Portias humungous speech about mercy he still said no. In the speech she basically said that mercy is a blessing form god and if you show mercy you will receive mercy. It is an attribute to god himself . But Shylock still wanted to go through with the dreadful bond. When Portia (Balthazar) asked Shylock if they could at least Have by some surgeon, Shylock, on your charge, To stop his wounds, lest he do bleed to death . But Shylock was on a roll being so cruel and mean; all he said was Is it so nominated in the bond? . This answer that Shylock just gave is a big time villain answer. Bassanio offered money to Shylock to spare Antonios life but Shylock refused all the money that was offered and said If every ducat in six thousand Were in six parts, and every part a ducat, I would not draw them; I would have my bond . Then even Antonio gave up arguing with Shylock about sparing his life. He said it was like telling the tides not to rise and not to fall. You may as well go stand upon the beach And bid the main flood bate his usual height . Shylock is quite often not a very nice man. He hates every Christian that he comes across and even the ones that he doesnt know. Shylock is so heartless, vicious, nasty and cruel that he would go ahead and kill a man while he still alive, just because he comes from a different religion. Shylock a villain who deserves his fate? Shylock is treated terribly by the Christians is especially by the evil merchant Antonio. Antonio dished out lots of verbal abuse but he still went to Shylock, and asked for money. Antonio had called Shylock misbeliever, cut-throat dog . Antonio didnt just use verbal abuse he also did disgusting things like, spit upon my Jewish gaberdine . Antonio had also mocked Shylock when he was doing bad and when he was succeeding in life and work, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains . Another reason why the Christians hated Shylock is because he is a Jew. In the time when this play was set all the Christians hated Jewish people, and Jewish people hated Christians. In Shakespeares time the audience would have also hated shylock and would have agreed with all the insults the Antonio and his friends gave to Shylock. But the audience of the 21-century would have a totally different point of view. The insults that were most used against Shylock were, dog and devil . These words were used in the play to make the audience think the Shylock is an evil man and that he shouldnt be liked or trusted. All the abuse thats Shylock took made him madder and madder making him hate the Christians. He hated them so much that he wouldnt even let his daughter look at them. To gaze on Christians fools with varnished faces . When Antonio came to ask for the money Shylock first wasnt sure but then he found out that he could use it as a way of revenge. He said that if the money was not paid back pound of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken . And this made Shylock turn into a mental man. When the court case had started everything had gone to shylocks head and he turned into a totally different man. And his desire for revenge became unnatural. Shylock is never shown mercy. At the court case Shylock was asked repeatively to show mercy. Then must the Jew be merciful . Portia also asked that if you be merciful then people shall be merciful to you. She also said that mercy is a blessing from God. It is an attribute to God himself, And earthly powers doth then show likest God . But when it was Shylock in trouble nobody showed even the slightest bit of mercy. It was even worse when first he was able to keep half of his wealth, which is quite merciful, but then the Christian Antonio blew the mercy thing by making Shylock turn into a Christian. He presently become a Christian . By saying this it canceled out any mercy that they might have shown. Turning Shylock into a Christian is the worst thing you can do and is defiantly not merciful. Shylock now has to turn against everything he believes and against everything hes taught. Especially Portia treated shylock terribly at the end of the court case. She the one saying to be merciful but then she turned into an evil monster. She had taken all his pride and said down, therefore, and beg mercy at the duke . Everything was taken away form Shylock and there was no way he could have been treated any worse then they did that day. My personal views. When I got asked the question is Shylock a victim or villain I thought that he is mainly a victim. He was a victim throughout over 2/3 of this play and he wasnt a villain a lot. When we first started reading the play I felt extremely sorry for Shylock. The Christian Antonio and his friend always took the mick and called him dog . When Antonio asked Shylock for 3,000 ducats, Shylock said to him Fair sir, you spat on me Wednesday last, You spurned me such a day, another time You called me dog: and for these courtesies Ill lend you thus much monies . I think that this speech is excellent I love the way that he put he words, which makes it down to the point while being sarcastic. What he says is, you called me dog, spat on me and for this I shall lend you money. Antonio had also called him misbeliever, cut-throat dog . When I first heard this speech I felt like killing Antonio, from all the info we had so far I got the impression that Shylock is capable of every day life until the evil Antonio suddenly pops up and ruins everything. I think that the punishment that was given to Shylock is way to harsh. The punishment is that half is wealth shall go to the city of Venice and the other half shall be his until he dies when it shall go to Jessica. But even worse is that Shylock has to become a Christian. I think that turning Shylock into a Christian is the most horrific thing you can do. Shylock will have to go Church, eat with Christian people and change his whole way of Jewish life. In the early scenes he told us how much he hated Christians and that he would never dine with Christians as long as he lived. So turning him into a Christian is making him turn against everything and everyone he ever loved and believed in.